Scientists Sequence 1,000 Butterfly and Moth Genomes to Study Evolution

Researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK, have achieved a significant milestone by sequencing the genomes of 1,000 species of butterflies and moths. This effort is part of Project Psyche, an international initiative aimed at sequencing all 11,665 species of Lepidoptera in Europe. The findings, published on November 30, 2025, in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, pave the way for a deeper understanding of evolution and biodiversity conservation in the UK and beyond.

Butterflies and moths, collectively known as Lepidoptera, play crucial roles in ecosystems worldwide. They comprise approximately 10% of all known eukaryotic species and are vital pollinators. Additionally, they serve as herbivores and prey within the food chain. Some Lepidoptera species are considered pests, affecting agriculture and forestry. Their sensitivity to environmental changes makes them indicators of biodiversity and climate health, allowing declines in their populations to signal broader ecological issues.

Understanding Evolution Through Genomic Sequencing

The research team, which includes taxonomists, policymakers, and citizen scientists, aims to integrate genomic data into conservation strategies. By analyzing the genomes of various butterfly and moth species, scientists can better understand factors affecting species resilience and population declines. For instance, a recent study examined over 200 genomes, revealing that their chromosomes have remained largely unchanged over millions of years. Such insights can help identify genetic factors that contribute to the survival or extinction of specific species.

Dr. Saad Arif, who led the research on the Black-veined White butterfly (Aporia crataegi) at Oxford Brookes University, highlighted the importance of high-quality reference genomes in modern research. “The availability of high-quality reference genomes makes it feasible to examine the genomic footprints of decline in extinct species,” he noted.

The ongoing decline in insect populations is alarming, with some studies indicating a 65% decrease in flying insects in the UK since 2021. Understanding the evolution of resilient species through genomic studies may provide insights into protecting other vulnerable species. One example is a project in Czechia leveraging reference genomes from Project Psyche to enhance biodiversity monitoring.

The Broader Impact of Project Psyche

All 1,000 genomes produced to date are publicly accessible, fueling a variety of research initiatives aimed at deepening our understanding of Lepidoptera evolution. For example, the genomes have helped scientists investigate why certain species, like the Black-veined White butterfly, disappeared from Britain in the 1920s. By comparing genetic data from museum specimens, researchers uncovered clues that could aid in managing at-risk species.

“Working collaboratively on Project Psyche is vital,” stated Dr. Charlotte Wright. “Due to the vast diversity of butterflies and moths, local expertise is essential for accurate identification, as many species appear identical without microscopic examination.”

Dr. Joana Meier emphasized the significance of genomic data in biodiversity management and policy. “Using these reference genomes, researchers can study genetic diversity, population structure, and connectivity across Europe, which is critical for effective conservation efforts,” she explained.

Professor Mark Blaxter praised the advancements in genomic sequencing over recent years. “The genomes produced for Project Psyche are of extraordinarily high quality, showcasing how engaged researchers and new technologies are transforming our understanding of the natural world,” he remarked. “Darwin would be pleased that his ‘endless forms’ are receiving the attention they deserve.”

Project Psyche represents a vital step towards integrating genomic knowledge into conservation practices, fostering a deeper understanding of the evolutionary relationships among butterflies and moths in Europe. This research not only contributes to the scientific community but also plays a crucial role in protecting global biodiversity.